“Fluoride at the 1 ppm concentration is as toxic as arsenic and lead … there is an increasing volume of evidence of the injurious effects of fluorine, especially the chronic intoxication resulting from the ingestion of minute amounts of fluorine over long periods of time.”

Journal of the American Dental Association, editorial, 1936 (23:568-74)

“Fluorides are general protoplasmic poisons, probably because of their capacity to modify the metabolism of cells by changing the permeability of the cell membrane and by inhibiting certain enzyme systems … The sources of fluorine intoxication are drinking water containing 1 ppm or more of fluorine, fluorine compounds used as insecticidal sprays for fruits and vegetables (cryolite and barium fluosilicate) and the mining and conversion of phosphate rock to superphosphate, which is used as fertilizer. The fluorine content of phosphate rock, about 25% of the fluorine present, is volatilized and represents a pouring into the atmosphere of approximately 25,000 tons of pure fluorine annually … The known effects of chronic fluorine intoxication are those of hypophasia of the teeth, which has been called mottled enamel, and of bone sclerosis.”

Journal of the American Medical Association, editorial, September 18, 1943 (123:50)

“We do know that the use of drinking water containing as little as 1.2 to 3.0 parts per million of fluorine will cause such developmental disturbances in bones as osteosclerosis, spondylosis and osteopetrosis, as well as goiter, and we cannot afford to run the risk of producing such serious systemic disturbances in applying what is at presents a doubtful procedure intended to prevent development of dental disfigurements.”

Journal of the American Dental Association, editorial, October, 1944

“The higher index of mottling in Italy may be explained on the basis of differences in nutritional status … The data from this and other investigations suggest that malnourished infants and children,, especially if deficient in calcium intake, may suffer from the effects of water containing fluorine while healthy children remain unaffected.”

Journal of the American Dental Association, 1952 (44:182)